The Meat and Potatoes of the Quran

1. Al Fatiha

Unfortunately, this is one of those vaguely good things in Islam. The Angels got really excited about it, but we're not really given a concrete reason why:

Sayyidina Ib Abbas related that while Jibreel (AS) was sitting with the Prophet (SAW) he heard a cracking sound above him, and after raising his head said, "This is a gate opened in heaven today which has never been opened before". Ten when an angel descended through it he said, "This is an angel come down to earth who has never come down before". he gave salutation and said "Rejoice in two lights brought to you which have not been brought to any Prophet before you: Fathatul-Kitab and the last ayat of Surah Al-Baqarah. you will not recite a phrase of them without being given the blessing it contains." (Hisn Haseen)

2. Al Baqarah

The devil will flee from the house in which it is recited. (Tirmizi, Ma'ariful Hadith)
It will come as a cloud or flock of birds as an intercessor for the reciter, on judgement day.
It's recitation produces blessing and abandoning it produces regret and the slothful are unable to recite it. (Muslim Ma'ariful hadith).

3. Al Imran

Like Al Baqarah, it will come as a cloud or flock of birds as an intercessor for the reciter on judgement day.

4. Al Kahf

Recitation on a friday produces a light which will shine brightly on him (which probably means they'll get a bunch of blessings, continuously) until next friday. (Baihaqi, Ma'ariful Hadith)

5. Yasin

Recitation out of desire for Allah (SWT)'s favor results in forgiveness of past sins. This is a good one to recite over those who are dying. (Baihaqi, Ma'ariful Hadith)

6. Al Waqiah
Recitation every night will remove want from the reciter. (Baihaqi, Ma'ariful Hadith)

7. Al Mulk

30 Ayats of PURE INTERCESSION POWER, surah Al Mulk will interceed for it's reciter on judgement day until all their sins are forgiven. (Ahmad, Tirmizi, Abu Dawood, Nasa'i, Ibn Majah, Ma'arful Hadith)

8. Al Sajdah

This one's just listed as a Prophetic favorite to recite before sleep.

9. At Takathur

One coupon for At takathur will buy you the equivalent of 1000 verses: Sayyidina Abdullah ibn Umar (RA) has related that the Messenger of Allah (SAW) said "Can one of you not recite a thousand verses daily?" Then when he was asked who could recite a thousand verses daily, he replied, "Can one of you not recite "Rivalry has distracted you?"" (Baihaqi, Ma'ariful Hadith)

10. Al Ikhlas
Worth 1/3 of the Quran in merit, but also anyone who recites "Say, He is Allah, One" one hundred times, while lying on their right side when about to sleep, the Lord will say to them on the day or resurrection "My servant, enter paradise to your right.". (Tirmizi, Ma'ariful Hadith)

11. Al Falaq and An Nisa

Just because, usually before bed. (Bukhari, Ma'ariful Hadith)

12. Ayat Al Kursi

Recitation before bed is protection until waking (Probably in Bukhari, it's pretty popular), but it's known as the greatest ayah in the Quran (Mishkat).

13. The Last Ayat of Surat Al Baqarah

Again, a kind of abstract one: Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said (in response to a question about ayats and surahs) "The end of Surat Al Baqarah (Ayat 285 and 286) for it is one of the treasures of Allah's mercy from under His Throne which he gave to his people, and there is no good in this world and the next which it does not include" (Darami, Ma'ariful Hadith)

14. The Last Ayat of Surat Al Imran (Actually Ayats 190 to 194)

When recited at night, results in the reward for a night spent in prayer recorded for them. (Related by Sayyidina Uthman bin Affan)

15. The Last 3 Ayats of Surat Al Hashr, after "The Ta'awuz"

So:
The Ta'awuz is: "I seek refuge in Allah, the Hearer, and Knower, from the accursed devil"
then follow it with the #22, #23 and #24 of Surat Al Hashr and you get:
not 7, not 70, not even 100, but 70,000, that's SEVENTY THOUSAND angels to invoke blessings on you until the evening. Do this in the evening and you.... "will be in that rank" which I imagine means, get the same thing until sunrise. And should you meet your end, you shall die as a martyr. (Tirmizi, Ibn Sa'd, Hisn Haseen)

So yeah, whip out those Quran's and get reading!